Simulating Protein Structures Involved in Memory Formation
Computational model reveals details on how certain synaptic proteins organize into unique structures that are vital for learning and memory
Complex protein interactions at synapses are essential for memory formation in our brains, but the mechanisms behind these processes remain poorly understood. Now, researchers from Japan have developed a computational model revealing new insights into the unique droplet-inside-droplet structures that memory-related proteins form at synapses. They discovered that the shape characteristics of a memory-related protein are crucial for the formation of these structures, which could shed light on the nature of various neurological disorders.
Our brain’s remarkable ability to form and store memories has long fascinated scientists, yet most of the microscopic mechanisms behind memory and learning processes remain a mystery. Recent research points to the importance of biochemical reactions occurring at postsynaptic densities—specialized areas where neurons connect and communicate. These tiny junctions between brain cells are now thought to be crucial sites where proteins need to organize in specific ways to facilitate learning and memory formation.
More specifically, a 2021 study revealed that memory-related proteins can bind together to form droplet-like structures at postsynaptic densities. What makes these structures particularly intriguing is their unique “droplet-inside-droplet” organization, which scientists believe may be fundamental to how our brains create lasting memories. However, understanding exactly how and why such complex protein arrangements form has remained a significant challenge in neuroscience.
Against this backdrop, a research team led by Researcher Vikas Pandey from the International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Japan, has developed an innovative computational model that reproduces these intricate protein structures. Their paper, published online in Cell Reports on April 07, 2025, explores the mechanisms behind the formation of multilayered protein condensates. The study was co-authored by Dr. Tomohisa Hosokawa and Dr. Yasunori Hayashi from the Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, and Dr. Hidetoshi Urakubo from ICBS, Fujita Health University.
The researchers focused on four proteins found at synapses, with special attention to Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)—a protein particularly abundant in postsynaptic densities. Using computational modeling techniques, they simulated how these proteins interact and organize themselves under various conditions. Their model successfully reproduced the formation of the above-mentioned “droplet-inside-droplet” structures observed in earlier experiments. Through simulations and detailed analyses of the physical forces and chemical interactions involved, the research team shed light on a process called liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS); it involves proteins spontaneously organizing into condensates without membranes that sometimes resemble the organelles found inside cells.
Crucially, the researchers found that the distinctive “droplet-inside-droplet” structure appears as a result of competitive binding between the proteins and is significantly influenced by the shape of CaMKII, specifically its high valency (number of binding sites) and short linker length. These shape-related properties of CaMKII result in low surface tension and slow diffusion, allowing the protein condensates to remain stable for extended periods. This stability enables the sustained activation of downstream signaling pathways necessary for synaptic plasticity, which is the cellular basis for learning and memory. “Our results revealed new structure–function relationships for CaMKII as a synaptic memory unit. This is the first systematic and mechanistic study investigating the divergent structure of protein-regulated multiphase condensates,” highlights Dr. Pandey.
These findings could pave the way toward a better understanding of the possible mechanisms of memory formation in humans. However, the long-term implications of this research extend well beyond basic neuroscience.
Defects in synapse formation have been associated with numerous neurological and mental health conditions, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, and Rett syndrome. “Overall, the computational model developed in this study could serve as an important platform for investigating these conditions, potentially leading to new diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches,” explains Dr. Pandey.
Let us hope scientists continue to unravel the mysteries of how memories form at the molecular level, leading us to a more thorough comprehension of one of the brain’s most fundamental and complex functions.
From Concept to Completion: 4 tech design startups Revolutionizing Workspace Design with VR & Automation
Workspace design is no longer just about aesthetics—it’s about precision, speed, and immersive experiences. Today, a new generation of design startups is transforming how commercial interiors are envisioned and executed, using advanced technologies like virtual reality, automation, and cloud-based project management to bridge the gap between concept and completion.
These companies are enabling businesses to virtually walk through their future offices before a single physical change is made, ensuring alignment on design, layout, and functionality from the very beginning. With tools that offer real-time collaboration, 3D visualization, layout customization, and automated progress tracking, these tech-led solutions are minimizing delays, reducing cost overruns, and increasing transparency across the project lifecycle.
By combining creative design expertise with in-house technological innovation, these startups are addressing long-standing challenges in the fit-out process—be it communication breakdowns, design revisions, or unforeseen budget escalations. The result is a seamless, client-centric approach to building workspaces that are as functional as they are visually compelling.
In this listicle, we spotlight five innovative startups that are pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in workspace design—bringing futuristic tools to a traditionally manual industry and setting new standards for how commercial spaces come to life.
Flipspaces
Flipspaces is a Global Real Estate Expansion Management venture with End-to-end solutions for CUSTOMISED DESIGN and BUILD for Commercial Spaces. They have developed an in-house proprietary technology for VR-supported video walkthroughs (Link), a first in the industry and a proven game changer. It is instrumental in not only letting businesses visualize their site in advance but also critical for minimum variation in the estimated budget and timelines during the fit-out period. Apart from this, they also share the Client Application with your username and password to check all the updates of your projects, be it your customized layouts, 3D Renders, Project Updates, and more. For nearly a decade, they have successfully executed 700+ projects, covering more than 7 million sq. ft. of space. Their cutting-edge technology, in-house manufacturing capabilities, and tech-enabled project management & execution, coupled with a huge team of qualified vendors, differentiate them from other competitors – as we deliver all services with supreme quality, quick turnaround time, and cost benefits.
Trezi
Provider of SaaS-based VR-based visualization solutions. Its platform provides users with features that include immersive design presentations, real-time design communication, collaborative design reviews, and VR-enabled coordination meetings.
SmartvizX
Provider of VR-based solutions for multiple businesses. It facilitates creating an interactive virtual environment to stimulate potential users into experiencing arenas and spaces that haven’t even been physically built like buildings, office desks.
PropVR
Provider of a cloud-driven virtual tour software for real estate professionals. It enables users to build VR tours using drag-and-drop tools and allows clients to visit multiple projects remotely. The company also provides 360 photography services, 3D floor plans, and virtual tour development services.
Saudi Arabia and Indonesia Deepen Economic Partnership Ahead of Ministerial Visit
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, April 11, 2025: His Excellency Bandar Al-Khorayef, Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources in Saudi Arabia, is currently preparing to visit Indonesia and all eyes are on the flourishing relationship between the two nations.
Saudi Arabia has long recognized Indonesia as a key partner in Southeast Asia, and the upcoming visit by a high-level delegation led by His Excellency Bandar AlKhorayef is expected to further cement cooperation in industry & mining sectors. Indonesia is a key trading partner for Saudi Arabia with bilateral trade reaching more than USD 6 billion in 2023.
The visit underscores the growing strategic and economic cooperation between the two nations, particularly in the areas of mining and key strategic industrial sectors including pharmaceuticals, food industry, and automotive.
Indonesia has emerged as a vital economic and geopolitical partner for Saudi Arabia in Southeast Asia. In 2023, bilateral trade between the two countries exceeded USD6 billion, reflecting a strong foundation of mutual interest and an eagerness to deepen engagement across several high-growth sectors.
A major focal point of the upcoming visit will be the strengthening of Saudi-Indonesia collaboration in the mining sector. With Indonesia’s mineral fuel exports valued at USD67 billion and imports reaching USD38 billion in the last fiscal year, the sector offers expansive opportunities for long-term growth.
During the visit, His Excellency will meet with several key officials from the public sector including his counterparts, Indonesia’s Minister for Energy and Mineral Resources, and Minister of Industry of Indonesia. His Excellency will also converse with members of the private sector, including the Director and CEO of PT Vale Febriany Eddy and CEO of BioPharma, Shaqiq Akasya.
Saudi Arabia has already made strategic investments in the country through its private sector, including its stake in Vale Indonesia, a subsidiary of the global mining giant Vale. This partnership highlights the Kingdom’s interest in expanding its footprint in Indonesia’s mining landscape, while supporting the sustainable development of one of the world’s most resource-rich regions.
Vale Indonesia is among the top producers of nickel – an essential component in electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Saudi Arabia which is investing heavily in renewable energy and EV technologies as part of its Vision 2030 agenda, could view collaboration in this area as a gateway to securing critical resources for its clean energy transition. As global demand for EVs continues to rise, Saudi Arabia’s investment will help unlock further exploration processing and infrastructure development in Indonesia’s mining sector.
In 2024, Indonesia’s global exports reached USD217 billion, a 1.3% year-on-year increase. Indonesia also has a target of reaching USD405 billion in global exports by 2029.
Saudi Arabia has played a key role in this trajectory, importing more than USD2 billion in goods from Indonesia in 2023, while exporting USD4 billion worth of products to the country.
A notable example of Indonesia’s growing contribution in Saudi Arabia’s food industry is the presence of Indofood, one of Indonesia’s largest consumer goods companies, which has expanded its operations in the Kingdom. Indofood’s instant noodles first emerged on the Saudi market in 1986 and are now widely distributed across Saudi Arabia.
Worthmentioning, the Jeddah Food Cluster, the largest food cluster in the world, represents a key area for potential collaboration. The cluster is positioned as a regional hub for halal food production and distribution, aligning closely with Indonesia’s position as the world’s largest halal market. The Jeddah Food cluster is also strategically located near Saudi Arabia’s key ports that facilitate exports across continents such as Africa, Europe and Asia.
In December 2023, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to enhance cooperation in halal product assurance and mutual recognition of halal certifications. The agreement aims to harmonize standards and streamline certification processes, reducing trade friction and opening news avenues for Indonesian halal producers to access the Saudi and wider GCC markets.
The visit of His Excellency Bandar Al-Khorayef, marks a new chapter in this relationship, with a focus on innovation, sustainable development and joint ventures in high-impact sectors. Beyond mining and food production, discussions are expected to include renewable energy, infrastructure and the sharing of industrial expertise.
Both countries are committed to leveraging their partnership to create long-term value, not only for their domestic economies but also for regional and global markets. Through increased trade, strategic investment and halal sector collaboration, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia are setting the stage of a future of share prosperity and mutual growth.
Gurugram driving force in Indian property market strength
The latest market analysis from eXp India has revealed that Gurugram, Greater Noida and Bhubaneswar have been the strongest performing areas of the Indian property market over the last year having registered the highest rates of annual price growth.
eXp India analysed the latest market data for Q4 2024, looking at how property values have changed across the Indian property market on an annual basis (Q4 2023).
The analysis shows that it’s the Gurugram region that has seen the strongest market performance, with property values increasing by a notable 33.9% in the last year alone.
Greater Noida has seen the second strongest rate of growth at 24.2%, with Bhubaneswar sitting in third where property values are up 22.1% over the last year.
Coimbatore (+21.1%) and Noida (21%) have also seen an annual rate of growth in excess of 20%.
Such has been the strength of the Indian property market over the last year that just three areas of the market have seen a decline in property values.
Thiruvananthapuram has seen the largest decline with property values falling by -5.8% on an annual basis, whilst Howrah (-3.5%) and Ludhiana (-1.6%) have also seen a decline.
Whilst house prices across Delhi are up over the course of the year, the annual rate of growth of 0.4% is the lowest of all areas to have seen positive movement.
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AD Ports Group’s Digital Arm Maqta Technologies Group Signs Strategic Partnership Agreement with Indra Group
Abu Dhabi, UAE – 25 March 2025: AD Ports Group (ADX: ADPORTS), an enabler of integrated trade, transport and logistics solutions today announced a strategic partnership agreement signed between its digital arm, Maqta Technologies Group, and the Indra Group. This collaboration aims to explore opportunities for jointly offering digitalisation services and solutions for ports, logistics, and trade across Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
The agreement outlines that Maqta Technologies Group and Indra Group will collaborate and leverage their technical expertise in developing solutions for smart ports and trade digitalisation. This includes Port Community Systems (PCS), port, maritime, and logistics Single Windows, as well as solutions aimed at enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of the logistics chain. Additionally, they will focus on port, multi-modal terminal, and border management systems, as well as other smart mobility solutions, which will enhance the market offerings of both companies.
Dr Noura Al Dhaheri, the CEO of Maqta Technologies Group and Digital Cluster – AD Ports Group, said: “Under the guidance of our wise leadership, we aim to deliver best-in-class trade digitalisation solutions to customers and stakeholders worldwide. By forging strong collaborations, where shared vision of innovation and sustainability unlock opportunities of mutual success and growth, we fast-track our international ambitions. Partnership agreements, such as this with Indra, mark yet another milestone, in addition to serving as a gateway to Europe and Africa. Maqta Technologies’ proven expertise in driving seamless digital transformation of trade and logistics processes will offer a key competitive advantage.”
Mr Ángel Escribano, Executive Chairman of Indra Group said: “This agreement constitutes another step forward in Indra’s international growth strategy, in this case in its Mobility business, in close collaboration with a prominent ally such as Maqta Technologies, which, in addition to its extensive knowledge of technology for trade and the port and logistics sector, has significant access to high-potential regional markets from the United Arab Emirates. Indra will bring its expertise in port technology, deployed in more than 70 ports worldwide”.
Both leaders emphasised the importance of this partnership in driving international growth and delivering competitive advantages through seamless digital transformation. This agreement not only strengthens their market offerings but also opens new opportunities for mutual success and growth in high-potential regional markets.
Ramagya Group chose Brand Talkeez as the Group’s PR Partner
New Delhi, 21st February 2025: Brand Talkeez, an emerging name in strategic public relations, proudly announces its collaboration with Ramagya Group as its official PR partner. This partnership marks a significant step towards amplifying Ramagya Group’s vision and achievements across education, sports and philanthropy.
Known for its trailblazing innovation and commitment to quality, Ramagya Group has consistently redefined excellence across various sectors. With its prestigious educational institutions and world-class sports academies, the group has been instrumental in shaping the future of young minds and nurturing champions on a global stage.
Speaking on this collaboration, Mr. Utkarsh Gupta, Managing Director, Ramagya Group, said “At Ramagya, we believe in the power of vision, and every vision needs a voice. Brand Talkeez team brings the perfect synergy of creativity and strategy to amplify our story, ensuring that our impact resonates far and wide. “
We are thrilled to be the voice behind a brand that transforms lives in education. This partnership with the Ramagya Group is more than just PR—it’s about storytelling that inspires action,” said Saloni Sood Mehra, Founder, Brand Talkeez.
This collaboration aims to elevate Ramagya Group’s presence and brand awareness, highlighting its contributions and pioneering initiatives in education. As both organizations embark on this journey, the focus remains steadfast: building a legacy of excellence, innovation, and positive change.
New study reveals that $100K is not what it used to be and how much it’s really worth in each state
| Rank | State | Purchase Power |
| 1 | West Virginia | $92,697 |
| 2 | Tennessee | $91,662 |
| 3 | Kansas | $91,086 |
| 4 | South Dakota | $89,972 |
| 5 | Iowa | $89,866 |
| 6 | Texas | $89,487 |
| 7 | Mississippi | $89,288 |
| 8 | Alabama | $88,914 |
| 9 | Missouri | $88,838 |
| 10 | Arkansas | $88,772 |
| 11 | Indiana | $88,325 |
| 12 | Oklahoma | $88,091 |
| 13 | Michigan | $87,321 |
| 14 | Louisiana | $86,941 |
| 15 | Wyoming | $86,863 |
| 16 | Georgia | $85,566 |
| 17 | Kentucky | $85,033 |
| 18 | Nebraska | $84,360 |
| 19 | North Dakota | $84,306 |
| 20 | Pennsylvania | $84,000 |
| 21 | Montana | $83,123 |
| 22 | Illinois | $82,772 |
| 23 | Ohio | $82,034 |
| 24 | Nevada | $81,889 |
| 25 | New Mexico | $80,912 |
| 26 | South Carolina | $80,807 |
| 27 | Florida | $80,695 |
| 28 | North Carolina | $80,219 |
| 29 | Minnesota | $80,159 |
| 30 | Wisconsin | $79,296 |
| 31 | Delaware | $78,658 |
| 32 | Colorado | $77,647 |
| 33 | Virginia | $76,866 |
| 34 | Idaho | $76,472 |
| 35 | Utah | $74,646 |
| 36 | New Hampshire | $73,671 |
| 37 | Washington | $72,639 |
| 38 | Arizona | $72,483 |
| 39 | Maryland | $71,693 |
| 40 | Maine | $71,677 |
| 41 | Connecticut | $70,373 |
| 42 | Alaska | $67,006 |
| 43 | New Jersey | $66,929 |
| 44 | Oregon | $65,785 |
| 45 | Vermont | $65,677 |
| 46 | Rhode Island | $65,311 |
| 47 | New York | $62,320 |
| 48 | California | $54,724 |
| 49 | Massachusetts | $53,581 |
| 50 | Hawaii | $41,482 |
Bollywood Actor Hrithik Roshan Gives on Rent His Office Space in Mumbai: Square Yards
The 14th Year of the Gera Pune Residential Realty Report Captures Pune’s Shifting Market Dynamics in the second half of 2024
Pune, January 09, 2025: Gera Developments Private Limited (GDPL), pioneers in premium residential and commercial real estate in Pune, Goa, Bengaluru, and California, today released the January 2025 edition of their bi-annual report, The Gera Pune Residential Realty Report. Pune’s first and only census-based report, it spans over 3 Lakh under-construction units and covers 2,300+ projects. With 14 years and 28 issues of circulation, this report provides in-depth insights into Pune’s residential real estate market, focusing on the sector’s performance from January–December 2024.
Market performance:
The rise in home prices continued for a 5th consecutive year. On an already increased base, the average rates across the city increased by 10.98% to an all time high of Rs. 6590 per sf.
There has been a slow down in sales as well as a reduction in the inventory brought to market by developers. The overall sales have dropped from 1.03 lakh homes sold in 2022 to approx 94,500 homes in 2023 and further down to approx 90,000 homes in 2024. While the absolute number of homes sold continues to be high, the reduction in the total sales volume is something to be cautious about.
Developers have responded by bringing in less homes into the market over the last 2 years. A total of 1.03 lakh new homes were added in 2022. This dropped to approx 96,350 homes in 2023 and a further drop to approx 91,400 homes in 2024.
The year saw an increase in the inventory in the luxury segment. 5 years ago, (in 2019), 3 & 4 bedroom apartments constituted 6.2% of the market. In 2024, the 3 & 4 bedroom apartments constituted 34.15% of the market. Clearly, there has been a shift towards the larger homes. During this time, 1 bedroom homes went from a share of 49.10% down to 11.58%.
This was also evidenced in the average size of newly launched homes reaching 1,261 sq ft, offering a carpet area of 934 sq ft. This represents a 43% growth over five years, reflecting a clear preference for larger and more spacious homes, catering to modern lifestyle aspirations.
Commenting on the findings, Mr Rohit Gera, Managing Director, Gera Developments Private Limited, said, “Pune’s real estate market reflects the dynamics of a classic boom cycle that began in 2020, with prices steadily climbing by 40% over the past five years. While the sector remains robust, the tapering of sales in 2023 & 2024 signals the need for cautious optimism. Normally, the steep increase in prices of homes (as we have seen) should also see strong home sales, however, a drop in home sales seems to indicate a resistance at current price levels. The reduction in the new inventory added to the market by developers seems to have kept the market in a stable state.
Developers must prioritise a balanced approach to supply and pricing to ensure market stability. With stable interest rates and potential RBI interventions, affordability could see marginal improvements, but aligning price increases with inflation is crucial to sustaining steady demand. For homebuyers, investing in projects by reputable developers with a proven track record and strong execution is the best approach in today’s evolving market” he concluded.
The market’s replacement ratio remained stable at approximately 1 over the past three years, highlighting a balanced approach to new supply and sales. In 2024, the ratio stood at 0.97, showcasing that sales closely matched the introduction of new inventory, ensuring a healthy equilibrium.
The affordability index reached 4.04x, signifying ongoing demand despite evolving price dynamics. With robust growth in luxury sales, increasing home sizes, and a steady replacement ratio, Pune’s real estate market continues to present exciting opportunities for buyers and developers alike.
The report also highlighted significant trends:
1. Luxury segment growth:
- Units launched in the Luxury segment grew by 50%, from 5,753 in 2023 to 8,645 in 2024, now accounting for ~10% of all units launched.
- Of the 644 new projects launched in 2024, ~22% were in the Luxury segment, a significant rise from 4% in 2019.
- Sales volume in the Luxury segment increased by 14% to 6,807 units in 2024 compared to 5,971 units in 2023, highlighting the growing preference for premium homes.
2. Price surge:
- Average home prices increased by 10.98% in 2024, reaching Rs 6,590 per sq ft, the highest annual rise in the past decade.
- Luxury segment prices averaged Rs 13,027 per sq ft, while PremiumPlus and Value segments saw annual price increases of 10.9% and 11.8%, respectively.
3. Sales Decline and Inventory Overhang:
- Sales volume declined by 5% in 2024, with 90,127 units sold compared to 2023.
- Inventory overhang increased to 9.94 months, up from 9.31 months the previous year, marking the third consecutive year of rise.
4. Sales and inventory dynamics:
- Annual sales declined by 5% to 90,127 units in 2024 compared to 2023.
- Inventory available for sale rose by 1.7% to 74,656 units compared to 73,379 units in December 2023.
- Inventory overhang increased to 9.94 months, with the Budget segment facing the highest overhang at 11.39 months.
5. Affordability index:
- The affordability index rose to 4.04x in 2024 compared to 3.81x in 2023, highlighting affordability pressures.
- The average ticket size for new homes doubled from Rs 41.37 Lakhs in 2020 to Rs 83.09 Lakhs in 2024.
6. Larger homes in demand:
- The average home size of new projects launched grew by 43% over five years, reaching 1,261 sq ft in 2024.
- Homes larger than 1,201 sq ft accounted for 35% of total sales in 2024, reflecting a preference for spacious homes.
- The share of 3BHK units in new launches increased to 30%, further highlighting this trend.
7. Sales value growth:
- Total sales value reached ₹75,019 Cr in 2024, a 13% increase compared to ₹66,680 Cr in 2023. The growth was driven by larger-sized homes and higher price points.
- Over the last five years, sales value has grown at a CAGR of 18%.
- The total sales value increased by 13% year-on-year to Rs 75,019 Cr in 2024, driven by rising prices and larger unit sizes.
In the 14th edition, The Gera Pune Residential Realty Report provides an exhaustive analysis of the city’s real estate market, emphasising the need for developers to adopt prudent pricing strategies, and optimise inventory management to maintain stability. With rising prices and evolving buyer preferences for larger homes and premium living, Pune’s real estate market is at a pivotal juncture, requiring careful navigation to sustain its growth trajectory.